The Pilgrim Maiden Who Chose to Return

Young Desire Minter is one of only five Mayflower Pilgrims who - after making that treacherous voyage to eke out a new life in the wilds of Massachusetts - returned to England for good.  And she was the only female to make that decision on her own.  Who was Desire Minter? Why wasn’t she traveling with her parents? And why would she return to the Old World?

Let’s explore the rest of the story...

Desire was born about 1602 to William Minter and Sarah Willet Minter possibly in Norwich, Norfolk, England, where her parents were from.  Since they had no other children, her name might have meant it was their great desire to have a child! 

Norwich is 127 miles from Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, where William Brewster hosted the first illegal religious meetings that created the Pilgrims.

When little Desire was about eight, William Brewster and John Robinson lead their burgeoning flock from the dangers of the Church of England to the freedom of The Netherlands. The Pilgrims eventually would start a new religion in the little town of Leiden, south of Amsterdam.

We don’t know when Desire’s family joined up with this new congregation.  But we do know that when she was 11, her father William became a citizen of Leiden. To be able to work and own property in a town at that time, you had to become a citizen which meant you agreed to spend time being watched, judged, and voted on to ensure you are worthy of living in the town!

The Minter family prospered in Leiden, and when Desire was 12, her father bought a house on the Groenhasegracht (Green hair moat) near Pieterskerk (St. Peters Church) near the little Pilgrim enclave.   

As a 13-year-old, Desire may have accompanied her mother Sarah to the wedding of Roger Charles and Isabel Chilton. Sarah witnessed at least four marriages around that that time.  As the Colony’s midwife, she was a useful woman to know! Another friend of the bride, Katherine White Carver, wife of the future colony’s first governor, also witnessed this marriage.

Sadly, sometime during the winter of 1617-18, Desire’s father dies.  Single mothers do not do well in the 1600s, so while mom seeks out another husband, Desire is likely put in the care of another family. Because of his commitment to her later in life, I think it is with the family of Thomas Brewer.

Brewer is one of the three printers who form Pilgrim Press.  

Along with William Brewster and Edward Winslow, the trio publishes seditious booklets whose adversaries reach all the way to King James in England!  Talk about enemies in high places!  As a result, the men become wanted criminals.  Brewster escapes to the safety of Scrooby Manor where he has the resources to hide for three years until the Mayflower can bring them to the New World.  Winslow is too young to pursue.  But Brewer gets caught. Fortunately, he is able to talk his way out of prison, at least for a time.

Sarah is successful in her pursuit of a new husband.  On 18 August 1618, she marries Roger Simmons (also written as Simmonson).  However, Desire does not live with them.

Barely 18, Desire boards the Mayflower bound for Plymouth Colony in the wilds of Massachusetts, as a ward of John Carver, colony governor and his wife Katherine, Sarah’s friend.  Another young ward they are responsible for is Jasper More. At 12, he is one of the four More children who are pawns in a divorce battle. Jasper is also the first child to die that winter in Plymouth Harbor. 

In addition to their young wards, the Carvers have three servants: Roger Wilder (who died that winter), Dorothy (last name unknown) who married Francis Eaton and later died, and John Howland, a memorable and strong young man.

During a fierce storm at sea one night, Howland was washed overboard and should have drowned!  But miraculously, in the dark, his hand brushed a rope that was attached to the ship. Grabbing it, the sailors were able to pull him back aboard!  His courage must have made him very attractive!

Pilgrim Maiden Statue in Plymouth, MA

After the Pilgrims eventually reached land and built tiny wooden shacks to live in, they all worked hard to plant crops so they could survive another winter.  No one worked harder at this than Governor John Carver and his wife Katherine.  So much so that both of them died – he from heat exhaustion and she, it is said, from a broken heart.

So now Desire is on her own.  Likely leaning for support on John Howland who is no longer a servant. Her stepfather Roger Simmons dies back in Leiden and she may have received mail about it prompting her to consider returning.  

Within the typical 3 months though, Sarah remarries. This time to Roger Eastman. It’s not clear from the paper trail if Desire received word about this marriage.

In the 1623 land division, Desire is given one acre of land - the portion that every Pilgrim adult earned.  On this land she would have to build her own house.  In addition, she would be expected to help grow the communal crops for food.  This is where the help of a husband would come in handy.  

Desire looked around and saw her friend John Howland.  Unfortunately for her, he chose instead to marry Mayflower orphan Elizabeth Tilley.  Perhaps as a tribute, when their first child was born the next year, they named her Desire.

I think that might have been the impetus for Desire to go back to England. Or it could be the agreement that had transpired in Leiden between Thomas Brewer and Roger Eastman, Sarah’s latest husband. For reasons known only to Brewer, he volunteered to pay Desire 120 guilders a year for her care and education. And on her 21^st birthday, he would gift her 1900 guilders (about $120,000 today).

Why do you think Desire returned? Not to Leiden, but to England? Whatever the reason, she lived quietly until one of the many plagues of the day struck her down at age 50.

DNA: The Little Thread of Life

That little thread of life with the big name - Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) - is something I have known a little about for a long time. After reading two books on it, purchasing three spit tests, and trolling the interwebs I now know a little bit more.

This is what I already knew from being marketing director for a genetic testing lab.  First, what the 23 in 23 and Me is.  Do you know? The number of pairs of chromosomes at the center of most living human cells.  Chromosomes carry genetic information in the form of genes.  I once told a boss that he should have kids someday because there’s good things going on in his genes.  Not his jeans!

The other thing I knew about DNA was it told me where my ancestors were from.  As a lifelong genealogist, I was a beta tester for the Ancestry DNA spit test.  However, my family tree had far more information than I received.  Still, my info helps test takers who have not yet researched their family trees!

So, what did I learn?  There are four kinds of DNA that are useful for genealogists.  Let’s review the basics I discovered from Emily Aluchino in Genetic Genealogy.

1. Y-DNA

Y-DNA measures the male line in a family from father to son. My father got it from his father who got it from his father.  How much did I get!?  Nada!  This is because women don’t have the Y chromosome! We have 2 Xs instead. I have 3 exes but that has nothing to do with DNA.  (Wink!)

I purchased a Y-DNA kit from Family Tree DNA for my son Brad for a one name study. This is where they research only one surname, working to find the origins and all descendants.  Can you see the DNA transfer in his 4 generations!?

2. Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA traces the mother’s line from mother to child.  Notice I didn’t say mother to daughter?  That’s because it passes to all her children.  But only her daughters pass it on to their children. My grandmother Gertrude got it from her mother Eunice and passed it to her daughter Pat.  But great-great grandma Ella is Gertrude’s father’s mother, so that grandma passed it only her son where it stopped.

3. Autosomal DNA

 

Autosomal is DNA that everyone has and everyone shares no matter their sex. My grandma Gertrude got some from her father, her grandfather, and her great grandmother – Gunhild the Norwegian.  I was surprised to discover that just like my grandma, Gertrude’s grandfather became deaf as an adult.   We always thought a disease caused it, but now we know it was genetic.

4. X-Chromosomal

While all DNA research is new, the X-chromosomal is the newest, so your DNA lab may not provide the test.  Everyone has some of the X-chromosome, but do you know who will have more – the brother or the sister?  Blain Bettinger, in Genetic Genealogy in Practice, tells us the sister gets about a 1/3 more than her brother.

How much DNA do we inherit?  100% of all that we have!  And 50% from each parent!  As I learned from Christa Cowan, the Barefoot Genealogist on YouTube, it is random, so you never know what you’re going to get - just like in a bowl of fish soup or cioppino. 

My father and mother loved making cioppino.  And each would add the kinds of seafood they like.  It’s like mixing all their DNA together in one gene pool.  I get my DNA from each of my parents, but it could be a different 50% from each parent than what my sister gets.  Sometimes you get the muscles and sometimes you get the shrimp. (Wink!)

So, how many ancestors make up our gene pool?  In 10 generations, like back to King George during our American Revolution, we have 1,024 ancestors based on simple math. Two parents, 4 grandparents, 8 great grandparents, and so on.  But hold on! Some of them could be related (for example, a set of 2^nd cousins marry), so you may not have that many. 

If we go back 40 generations to Charlemagne, the math would equal about 2,000 times more people than who were alive at that time.  What does that say for us descendants today?  We are all related! Smile at the next person you see because they could be your 9th (or closer) cousin!

We can even prove that with my favorite part of genetic genealogy - the haplogroup - which looks at the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) from centuries ago! For example, the Y-DNA haplogroup starts at A  in which we all share the same base DNA.  Whenever there is a small variation in how the DNA patterns repeat adds a number to the letter like A1.  When there is a large variation called a mutation, the letter changes, like B. 

The R1 MRCA is from Southeastern Asia. And R-M2 MRCA is European. When getting more into the weeds and closer in time, the R-M269 haplogroup matches many of Mayflower Pilgrims based on their descendants.  It’s amazing how DNA led me to nine Mayflower Pilgrims that I have now confirmed by paper research!  Information that I wouldn’t have known if I hadn’t understood facts about that little thread of life!

Click the link to watch the video!